foundations summary

Last updated June 5, 2022.

• The odin project

• notes/the-odin-project/foundations/internet-infrastructure
  • Client and server, packets.
  • Web page -> Website -> Web Server
  • IP Address -> Router -> ISP
  • Domain Name Servers
  • TCP and UDP
• Virtual Machines
• Programming in general

  • Problem Solving (most important concept)

    • Divide and conquer approach
    • How to ask good questions
    • Pseudocode

  • Compiler

    • Lexical analyzer

      • Tokens and lexemes

        • Reserved words, Operators, Identifiers, Constants, Separators
        • Example:

        1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

        newvalue = oldvalue + rate * 60 --[[ Token Lexeme Identifier newvalue assignOperation = Identifier oldvalue addOperation + identifier rate mulOperation * number 6 ]]

  • Literals

  • Variables

    • Declaration and assignment
    • Data types
      • Enumeration (enum)
      • Primitive
        • Boolean (which is stored as 1 byte instead of 1 bit)
          • Falsy and truthy values
        • Integer
          • 2 bytes
            • short, int16
            • unsigned short, uint16
          • 4 bytes
            • signed integer, int32
            • unsigned integer, uint32
            • float
          • 8 bytes
            • double
        • Char and String
          • String manipulation
          • String concatenation ('a'+'b')
          • String interpolation('${a} {b}')
          • Escaping (/)
      • Composite
        • Object {}
        • Array []

  • Operators

    • Logical
      • AND(and, &&, ∧, ·, &), OR(or, ∥, ||, ∨, +), NOT(not,¬, ~, !), XOR(exclusive or, ↮, ⊕, ⊻, ≢. Either x or y is true, and not both true), NAND(not and, ⊼, !(x && y)), NOR(not or, ⊽, !(x || y))
    • Comparison
      • >(greater than), <(lesser than), >=(greater or equal than), <=(lesser or equal than), ==(equals), !=(not equals)
    • Ternary operator: (condition) ? IfTrue : IfFalse

  • Functions

    • Invocation, calls. functionName()
    • Arguments and parameters function foo(parameters){}; foo(arguments)
    • Recursion `function bar(){ if (condition) return; bar()}
    • Nesting function f(g())
    • Coroutines
    • Scope. Environment.
    • Stack trace
    • Varargs (...)

  • Passing data

    • Pass by value: passing the data itself.
    • Pass by reference: pass the variable that references the data.
    • Pass by share: pass the reference itself, sharing the memory location the variable uses (this is the way JavaScript handles assignments and function parameters).

  • Language Paradigms

    • Functional (e.g., Haskell)
    • Procedural, Imperative, Event-driven (e.g., JavaScript)
      • Event listeners
        • Callback functions
        • Adding and removing
          • Memory leaks
            • Garbage collection
    • Object-oriented (e.g., Java)
      • Classes
        • Instance
        • Inheritance
        • Singleton
        • Properties, Methods and Events
    • Multi-paradigm

  • Abstraction

    • Examples: Analog -> Digital -> Binary -> Hexadecimal -> Assembly -> C -> C++ -> Java -> JavaScript. From standard libraries to custom frameworks. Literals (1) to Variables (a := 1) to Objects (obj := {a: 1}) to Classes (a = object.New("Class");a:ChangeValue(1)).

  • Learning

    • Concepts
      • Reading documentation
      • Asking in communities
      • Analyzing other’s code
      • Implementing proof of concepts (POCs)
    • Strategies
      • Active and passive learning
      • Focus mode and diffuse mode
      • Grit and motivation
      • Fixed vs growth mindset
      • Avoiding rabbit holes and information overload. Patience.
      • Creating analogies, linking to existing ideas, reformulation and recitation.
      • [Flow mental state]( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_(psychology)
      • Mentoring, helping others.
        • Not by showing solutions outright, but by giving direction.

  • Data structures

    • Arrays
      • Push and pop
    • Lists
      • Key and value pairs
    • Dictionaries and tables
      • Indexing, retrieving, insertion tableName.keyName, tableName["Key Name"]

  • Algorithms

    • Time Complexity
      • Notation
        • Big O O(n) example: for element in list
    • Sorting data
    • Binary search
    • Loops
      • for
        • Numeric: for i=start, end, step
        • Generic: for element in list
      • while, repeat or do while
      • Nesting for i=start,end,step {for j=start,end,step}
      • Flow control
        • break (the current loop)
        • continue (to the next iteration)
    • Conditionals
      • if else else if
      • switch
      • Nesting

  • Regular Expressions (Regex) \[A-Z]\g+

  • Modules, Libraries, Frameworks

  • Experience terms: Trainee, Junior (JR), Semi-Senior (SSR), Senior (SR)

  • Field of development terms

    • Front-End
      • Graphical User Interfaces (GUI), User Experience (UX), Graphic Design, Interactivity
    • Back-End
      • Databases, Data Persistence, Schema, Reliability
    • DevOps
      • Deployment, Connectivity
      • GitHub Actions
        • Workflows
        • Keys
        • Secrets
        • Tokens
    • Full-Stack
      • Integrity, Synergy, Compatibility
      • Stack Initials
        • LAMP (Linux + Apache + MySQL + PHP)
        • MERN (MongoDB + Express + React + Node.js)
        • MEAN (MongoDB + Express + Angular + Node.js)
        • MEVN (MongoDB + Express + Vue + Node.js)

  • Code style

    • Case
      • camelCase, PascalCase
    • Design patterns
      • Creational, structural, behavioral, concurrency
      • Don’t Repeat Yourself (DRY) principle
        • Refactoring
      • Anti-patterns
    • Readability
      • Cognitive load/strain
      • Self-documenting code
    • Source code comments

  • Integrated Development Environments (IDEs)

    • e.g., Visual Studio Code, Eclipse

  • People

    • Alan Turing, George Boole, John von Neumann, Ada Lovelace
• Debugging
  • Chrome Developer Tools
    • Inspector
    • Breakpoints
      • Steps
    • Console
    • Device Mode
  • print/console, error and warn functions
  • Static analysis programs
    • ESLint, semgrep
  • Test Driven Development (TDD)
    • Tools
      • Jest
• Markup languages
  • HTML (.html)
    • Elements and tags
  • Markdown (.md)
    • Formatting
    • Variants, Extensions, Flavors
      • GitHub Flavored Markdown (GFM)
      • Mermaid
• Style sheet languages
  • CSS (.css)
    • Selectors (and properties holding values)
    • Typography
      • Typefaces
        • Fonts
        • Serif (e.g., Arial)
        • Sans-serif (e.g.,Times New Roman)
    • Character encoding
      • UTF-8, ASCII, Shift JIS, Unicode
    • Specificity !important > id > class; top to bottom; numbers
    • Box Model
      • Padding -> Border -> Margin
    • Display types
      • None
      • Block
      • Inline
      • Flex-box
        • Containers and items
        • Main and cross axis
        • Properties and/or shorthands
          • flex, flex-flow, flex-grow, flex-shrink, flex-basis, flex-direction, justify-content, align-items, align-content, justify-items, gap
      • Grid
        • grid-template-columns, grid-template-rows, grid-column-gap, grid-row-gap, grid-template-areas, grid-area
      • Pseudo-elements
      • Pseudo-classes
      • Variables
• Application Programming Interfaces (API)
  • notes/the-odin-project/foundations/document-object-model (DOM)
    • Nodes and node-lists
    • Capture and bubbling in events.
• JavaScript (.js)
  • Variables
    • var, let, const
    • NaN, undefined, null
    • Post-fixing and prefixing (++varName, varName++)
    • bigInt (for big numbers)
    • typeof function
  • Operators
    • Order of precedence
    • Unary (one operand)
      • +, !
    • ==(equal value) and ===(equal value and data type)
    • Nullish coalescing operator: ?? (and difference from ||, the OR operator)
  • Functions
    • Anonymous (without name)
    • Arrow: (input) => output
  • Loops
    • Control Flow
      • Labels (they are similar in concept to GOTO)
  • Runtime environments
    • Browsers
      • Compatibility differences
    • Node.js
      • Node Version Manager (nvm)
      • Node Package Manager (npm)
  • Test Driven Development
    • Tools
      • Jest
    • Assertion (do x if failed, do y if successful)
    • Unit testing
• Command line interface (CLI)
  • Flags: - and --. Example: -f, --help
• Terminal commands
  • mv(move), rm(remove), mkdir(make directory), touch, pwd(present working directory), cd (change directory), code, chrome, cat, ls
• File navigation
  • .. (to parent directory relative to the present working directory)
  • ./folderName (go to this folder relative to the present working directory)
  • ~ (home directory)
• Source Control
  • Version Control Systems (VSC)
    • Types and history of version control
    • Git
      • Difference between workspace and repository
      • Commands
        • init, push(to), pull(from), branch, reflog, log, commit, rebase, add, restore, status, remote, clone, fetch,merge,checkout
      • Atomic commits, commit frequency
      • Redaction of commit messages
      • .gitignore
• GitHub
  • Making a repository
  • Making a GitHub Pages site
  • Pull requests
  • SSH Keys
  • Personal Access Tokens (PATs)
  • Actions
    • Workflows
• Figma
• Excalidraw

Source: https://www.pixiv.net/en/artworks/36643068